The shrinking gender gap in high-level jobs and collective-bargaining coverage, United States

Each variable shows the difference between percent women minus percent men. I.e. in 1981, 21.5% of men and 9.2% of women held managerial jobs,amounting to a gender gap of 12.3%. 0% thus represents parity, and negative values indicate a higher incidence of women than men. “Male” professional jobsrefer to those more often held by men and thus excluding nurses and K–12 and other non-college teachers.